Method and apparatus for wireless access control

ABSTRACT

In some aspect restricted access nodes are assigned to a designated common channel while access terminals that are in active communication with a macro access node may selectively be assigned to the designated channel. In some aspect an access terminal associated with macro access node may perform a handoff to a different carrier when the access terminal is in the vicinity of a coverage area of a restricted access node. In some aspect an access terminal associated with a macro access node may perform a handoff to a different carrier based on location information. In some aspect access to a restricted access node is controlled based on policy and/or based on operation of an access terminal associated with the restricted access node.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119

This application claims the benefit of and priority to commonly ownedU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/965,164, filed Aug. 17, 2007,and assigned Attorney Docket No. 071995P1, the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to concurrently filed and commonly ownedU.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUSFOR INTERFERENCE MANAGEMENT,” and assigned Attorney Docket No. 071995U1,the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

This application relates generally to wireless communication and morespecifically, but not exclusively, to improving communicationperformance.

2. Introduction

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide varioustypes of communication (e.g., voice, data, multimedia services, etc.) tomultiple users. As the demand for high-rate and multimedia data servicesrapidly grows, there lies a challenge to implement efficient and robustcommunication systems with enhanced performance.

To supplement the base stations of a conventional mobile phone network(e.g., a macro cellular network), small-coverage base stations may bedeployed, for example, in a user's home. Such small-coverage basestations are generally known as access point base stations, home NodeBs,or femto cells and may be used to provide more robust indoor wirelesscoverage to mobile units. Typically, such small-coverage base stationsare connected to the Internet and the mobile operator's network via aDSL router or a cable modem.

In a typical macro cellular deployment the radio frequency (“RF”)coverage is planned and managed by cellular network operators tooptimize coverage. In such a deployment, an access terminal generallywill connect to the best base station it hears for service. Here, RFplanning may be employed in an attempt to ensure that the signal a givenaccess terminal receives from a serving base station is sufficientlyhigher than the signals the access terminal receives from anyinterfering base stations, thereby enabling the access terminal toreceive adequate service.

In contrast, deployment of small-coverage base stations may be ad-hocand RF coverage of these base stations may not be optimized by themobile operator. Consequently, RF interference, jamming, andout-of-service issues may arise between these base stations and nearbyaccess terminals operating on a macro cell. For example, an accessterminal that is not authorized to access a nearby base station (e.g., afemto cell) may be subjected to interference from that base station.Thus, there is a need for improved network interference management forwireless networks.

SUMMARY

A summary of sample aspects of the disclosure follows. It should beunderstood that any reference to the term aspects herein may refer toone or more aspects of the disclosure.

The disclosure relates in some aspects to assigning restricted accessnodes (e.g., femto nodes) to a designated channel (e.g., carrier).Moreover, access terminals that are in active communication with a macroaccess node also may be assigned to the designated channel while accessterminals that are idling on a macro access node are not assigned to thedesignated channel. In some cases, active access terminals withlow-mobility may be assigned to the designated channel but active accessterminals with high-mobility are not. In some aspects such a scheme mayresult in effective utilization of system resources while reducinginterference between restricted access nodes and access terminalsassociated with macro access nodes.

The disclosure relates in some aspect to performing an inter-frequencyhandoff at an access terminal associated with a macro access node whenthe access terminal is in or near a coverage area of a restricted accessnode (e.g., a femto node). For example, when an access terminal that isassociated with (e.g., in active communication with) a macro access nodeon a given carrier detects a femto node on the same carrier, the accessterminal may switch to a different carrier for its macro communicationsif the carrier-to-interference (“C/I”) at the access terminal worsens toa certain degree. Thus, this scheme also may reduce interference betweenrestricted access nodes and access terminals associated with macroaccess nodes.

The disclosure relates in some aspect to performing an inter-frequencyhandoff based on a location of an access terminal. For example, anaccess terminal that is associated with (e.g., in active communicationwith) a macro access node on a given carrier may perform anoff-frequency scan based on location information. In this way, theaccess terminal may determine whether it is within a coverage area of adesignated (e.g., preferred) access node that is operating on adifferent carrier. If so, the access terminal may perform a handoff tothe designated access node. In some aspects such a scheme may reduceinterference between restricted access nodes and access terminalsassociated with macro access nodes by facilitating a handoff to adesignated node if the access node is near the designated node.

The disclosure relates in some aspect to controlling access to arestricted access node. For example, when an access terminal attempts togain access to a restricted access node the restricted access nodeand/or an access terminal (e.g., a home access terminal) that isassociated with the restricted access node may determine whether toallow the requested access. In some aspects a decision as to whether toallow access is based on one or more defined policies. In some aspects adecision as to whether to allow access is based on a decision by a userof the access terminal that is associated with the restricted accessnode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other sample aspects of the disclosure will be described inthe detailed description and the appended claims that follow, and in theaccompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of several sample aspects of a networkincluding macro coverage and smaller scale coverage;

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of acommunication system;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that maybe performed to assign carriers for wireless nodes;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that maybe performed to perform a handoff to another carrier based on receivedsignals;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that maybe performed to perform a handoff to another carrier based on locationinformation;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are a flowchart of several sample aspects of operationsthat may be performed to control access to a restricted access node;

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating coverage areas for wirelesscommunication;

FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram of a wireless communication systemincluding femto nodes;

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects ofcommunication components; and

FIGS. 10-16 are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects ofapparatuses configured to assign carriers and control access as taughtherein.

In accordance with common practice the various features illustrated inthe drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions ofthe various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity.In addition, some of the drawings may be simplified for clarity. Thus,the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given apparatus(e.g., device) or method. Finally, like reference numerals may be usedto denote like features throughout the specification and figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects of the disclosure are described below. It should beapparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety offorms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosedherein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein oneskilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein maybe implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or moreof these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, anapparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using anynumber of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatusmay be implemented or such a method may be practiced using otherstructure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition toor other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. Furthermore,an aspect may comprise at least one element of a claim.

FIG. 1 illustrates sample aspects of a network system 100 where a macroaccess node 102 provides macro scale coverage 104 (e.g., a large areacellular network such as a 3G network) and an access node 106 providescoverage over a smaller coverage area 108 (e.g., a residence or abuilding). In some aspects, access nodes such as the access node 106 maybe used to provide one or more of incremental capacity growth,in-building coverage, and different services (e.g., for a more robustuser experience). Thus, as a node such as wireless terminal 110 movesthrough the network, the wireless terminal 110 may be served over a widearea by the access node 102 and at a specific sub-area by the accessnode 106. As will be discussed in more detail below, however, the accessnode 106 may be restricted in that it may only provide service to adefined set of nodes. As a result, a coverage hole (e.g., correspondingto the coverage area 108) may be created in the macro coverage area 104for nodes such as wireless terminal 112 that are authorized to accessthe macro node 102 but are not authorized to access the access node 106.

A coverage hole such as this may affect both active and idle accessterminals operating within the macro coverage area. For example, if anidle access terminal is denied registration at a restricted access node,the access terminal may experience C/I degradation (e.g., in the currentchannel and perhaps one or more adjacent channels). As a result, theaccess terminal may need to perform a handoff to another macro carrier.Similarly, if an active access terminal is denied association at arestricted access node, the access terminal may experience C/Idegradation on the downlink, and also cause interference on the uplinkat the restricted access node. The active access terminal also mayattempt a handoff to another macro channel with better C/I. If such achannel cannot be found, however, the active call may be dropped due toloss of signal. Moreover, before the call is lost, transmissions fromthe access terminal may cause a temporary out-of-service condition atthe restricted access node.

The disclosure relates in some aspects to managing access and/orinterference issues that may arise when an access terminal is in thevicinity of a restricted access node. These and other aspects of thedisclosure will be described with reference to a communication system200 as shown in FIG. 2 and the flowcharts of FIGS. 3-6A.

The system 200 will be used to describe the scenario that follows. Thewireless terminal 110 (e.g., a home access terminal) is associated withthe access node 106 (e.g., a restricted base station) whereby thewireless terminal 110 may have full access at the access node 106. Inaddition, initially the wireless terminal 112 is associated with theaccess node 102 (e.g., a macro base station). At some point in time, thewireless terminal 112 enters the coverage area of the access node 106and attempts to establish communication (e.g., as a guest accessterminal). As will be described below, the system 200 also includes acentralized controller 202 that may communicate with the access nodes102 and 106 (e.g., over backhaul connections).

FIG. 2 also illustrates several sample components that may beimplemented in these nodes in accordance with the teachings herein. Toreduce the complexity of FIG. 2, only a few components are shown in thevarious nodes. It should be appreciated that similar components may beincorporated into other nodes in the system, irrespective of whetherthis is shown in FIG. 2. The nodes including transceivers forcommunicating with each other and with other nodes. For example, atransceiver 204 of the node 112 includes a transmitter 208 for sendingsignals and a receiver 210 for receiving signals. A transceiver 206 ofthe node 106 includes a transmitter 212 for transmitting signals and areceiver 214 for receiving signals. The nodes also may include accesscontrollers (e.g., access controllers 216, 218, and 220) for controllingaccess to a node and for providing other related functionality as taughtherein. The nodes also may include communication controllers (not shown)for managing communications with other nodes and for providing otherrelated functionality as taught herein. The other components illustratedin FIG. 2 will be discussed in the disclosure that follows.

Sample operations of a system such as the system 200 will now be treatedin more detail in conjunction with the flowcharts of FIGS. 3-6B.Briefly, FIG. 3 describes several operations that may be employed inconjunction with assigning carriers to nodes in a system. FIG. 4describes several operations that may be employed in conjunction withswitching to another carrier based on detected signals. FIG. 5 describesseveral operations that may be employed in conjunction with switching toanother carrier based on location information. FIGS. 6A and 6B describeseveral operations that may be employed in conjunction with controllingaccess to a restricted node.

For convenience, the operations of FIGS. 3-6B (or any other operationsdiscussed or taught herein) may be described as being performed byspecific components (e.g., components of the system 200). It should beappreciated, however, that these operations may be performed by othertypes of components and may be performed using a different number ofcomponents. It also should be appreciated that one or more of theoperations described herein may not be employed in a givenimplementation.

For illustration purposes the following description is presented in thecontext of access terminals (e.g., nodes 110 and 112) that communicatewith a macro access node and a restricted access node (e.g., nodes 102and 106, respectively). It should be appreciated, however, that theteachings herein may be applicable to other types of apparatuses orapparatuses that are referred to using other terminology.

Referring initially to FIG. 3, the channels (e.g., carriers) on whichfemto nodes and on which access terminals associated with macro nodesare deployed may be controlled to mitigate interference that mayotherwise be caused by a restricted access node operating on the samechannel as a macro node. Moreover, this may be accomplished whilemaintaining sufficient utilization of the channels.

As represented by block 302, all of the restricted access nodes in thesystem may be assigned to a common channel. For example, all of thefemto nodes in a given operator's network may be deployed on the samecarrier (designated the femto channel). In FIG. 2, such a configurationmay be achieved, for example, by cooperation of the centralizedcontroller 202 and the access node 106.

Blocks 304-316 describe a procedure that may be employed to assign achannel for an access terminal operating within a macro cell. Such aprocedure may be implemented, for example, by cooperation of carrierselector components 222 and 224 of the nodes 112 and 102, respectively.For example, the carrier selector 224 may configure the carrier selector222 to operate on a designated carrier.

The channel assignment procedure commences at block 304 (e.g., inconjunction with making a call assignment). As represented by block 306,this channel assignment may be based on whether the access terminal iscurrently active (e.g., in-call) or idle. In some implementations, theaccess terminal's current mode may be determined by a mode determinercomponent 226 as shown in FIG. 2.

As represented by block 308, if the access terminal is idling on a macronode, the access terminal may be assigned to a different channel thanthe femto channel if an alternate channel is available. In some aspects,idle macro access terminals may only need paging and other limitedservices. Hence, there may not be as great of a need to load-balancethese access terminals across all channels. By not placing idle macroaccess terminals on the femto channel, idle handoffs that may beotherwise performed when the idle macro access terminal encounters thefemto node may be avoided. In the event the access terminal switches toan active mode (e.g., when the access terminal receives a call), theaccess terminal may be assigned a different channel at that time (e.g.,in conjunction with a call assignment).

As represented by block 310 and 312, active macro access terminals maybe assigned to the femto channel under some circumstances. In someaspects the assignment of a macro access terminal to a femto channel maytake into account whether such an assignment may result in relativelyhigh overhead. For example, it may be undesirable to place an accessterminal that has high mobility on the femto channel since this mayresult in a relatively large number of handoffs as the access terminalpasses by different femto nodes in the network. In contrast, if theaccess terminal is relatively stationary and not within the coverage ofa femto node, there may be a much lower likelihood of interference withfemto nodes and inter-frequency handoffs. In this case, placing theaccess terminal on the femto channel may result in better utilization ofthe femto channel.

Accordingly, in some aspects a determination of whether to assign amacro access terminal to the femto channel may be based on the nobilityof the access terminal. Such a determination may be made, for example,by comparing a mobility metric associated with the access terminal withone or more threshold mobility metric values. Thus, as represented byblock 314, in the event the mobility of the access terminal is greaterthan equal to a threshold mobility value, the access terminal may beassigned to a channel that is different than the femto channel.Conversely, as represented by block 316, in the event the mobility ofthe access terminal is less than or equal to a threshold mobility valuethe access terminal may be assigned to the femto channel.

A mobility metric as described above may be implemented in various ways.For example, in some implementations a low-speed/high-speed classifiermay be implemented in new access terminals. In some implementations themobility of an access terminal may be determined based on whether anactive access terminal on the femto channel frequently provides femtonode C/I reports (e.g., to the macro access node). Here, the accessterminal may generate a report every time it encounters signals from adifferent femto node. In the event the rate of these reports meets orexceeds a certain threshold, the access terminal may be directed awayfrom the femto channel. Also, in the event femto node deployments becomewidespread in a network, the femto channel may be solely dedicated tofemto nodes.

Referring now to FIG. 4, when an access terminal approaches a coveragehole on its current operating carrier (e.g., caused by restricted node),the access terminal may switch to a different carrier (e.g., incooperation with a serving access node). The operations of FIG. 4commence at block 402 where the access terminal 112 is initiallyassociated with a macro access node 102 on a given carrier (e.g.,designated as the first carrier).

As represented by block 404, the access terminal 112 (e.g., the receiver210) will receive signals on the first carrier from the access node 102and, potentially, other nearby access nodes. The access terminal 112 maythus determine the C/I associated with signals (e.g., pilot signals)received from the access node 102. In some implementations the accessterminal 112 (e.g., the transmitter 208) may send this C/I informationto the access node 102.

As represented by block 406, as the access terminal 112 approaches acoverage area of another access node, the access terminal 112 also mayreceive signals from that access node on the first carrier. Asrepresented by block 408, the access terminal 112 may determine whetherit is allowed to access the access node detected a block 406.

As represented by block 410, if the access terminal 112 is allowed toaccess the access node, the access terminal 112 may elect to associatewith that access node. For example, one or more access nodes may bedesignated as preferred access nodes (e.g., a home femto node) for theaccess terminal 112. In such a case, the access terminal 112 may beconfigured to associate with a preferred access node whenever the accessterminal 112 detects the presence of such a node. To this end, in someimplementations the access terminal 112 may maintain a preferred roaminglist (“PRL”) that identifies its preferred access nodes.

If the access terminal 112 is not allowed to access the access node atblock 408 (e.g., the access node is restricted to provide service tosome other access terminal), the access terminal 112 and/or a servingaccess node may determine whether to switch to a different carrier atblocks 412, 414, and 416. For example, in some cases the access terminal112 (e.g., the carrier selector 222) may elect to switch to a differentcarrier based on detection of signals from a restricted access node(e.g., access node 106) and/or based on a determination that the C/I onthe first carrier has degraded (e.g., due to interference from theaccess node 106 operating on the first carrier). Here, degradation ofC/I may be indicated, for example, if the C/I is less than or equal to athreshold value.

In some cases, one or more of the above operations may be implemented bycooperation of the access terminal 112 and the access node 102. Forexample, the access terminal may send information relating to thesignals received at blocks 404 and 406 to the access node 102. Then,based on detection of degraded C/I at the access terminal 112 and/or thepresence of the restricted access node 106 (and/or a preferred accessnode) as indicated by the information, the access node 102 (e.g., thecarrier selector 224) may invoke a handoff operation. As a result, theaccess terminal 112 may switch to the second carrier and attempt toestablish communication.

The above procedure may be used when the access terminal is in either anidle mode or an active mode. For example, if a macro access terminalidling on the femto channel detects degraded C/I due to a nearbyrestricted femto node, the access terminal may initiate idle handoffoperations. Here, if the access terminal determines that the femto nodeis either open or grants access to the access terminal, the accessterminal may simply associate with the femto node as described above atblock 410. If, on the other hand, the access terminal is not allowed toassociate with the femto node, the access terminal may perform a scan inan attempt to find macro coverage signals on another carrier.

If a macro access terminal that is in active communication on the femtochannel detects degraded C/I due to a nearby restricted femto node, theaccess terminal may send a C/I report to its macro node along withinformation about the femto node as discussed above. The macro accessnode may then determine that the C/I degradation is due to interferencefrom the femto node and initiate an active inter-frequency handoff.

If a request by the access terminal 112 to associate with the accessnode 106 is denied and no alternative carrier is available within thecoverage area of the access node 106, the access terminal 112 may dropits call. In such a case, the access terminal 112 may end up in an idlestate (e.g., within the coverage of the access node 106)

In any event, the access terminal 112 may continue to monitor receivedsignals as represented by operational flow back to block 404 (e.g., onthe original carrier or the new carrier). In this way, the accessterminal 112 may repeatedly monitor for coverage holes caused by nearbyrestricted access nodes and attempt to mitigate any associatedinterference.

Referring now to FIG. 5, it may be desirable for an access terminal toconduct off-frequency scans to determine whether it has entered acoverage area of an access node that is operating on a differentcarrier. For example, if a preferred access node has been designated foran access terminal (e.g., in a PRL), the access terminal may repeatedlyconduct off-frequency scans in an attempt to detect signals (e.g., pilotsignals) from the preferred access node. The operations of FIG. 4commence at block 502 where the access terminal 112 is initiallyassociated with a macro access node 102 on a given carrier (e.g.,designated as the first carrier).

As represented by block 504, the access terminal 112 (e.g., a locationdeterminer 228) determines location information that may be used todetermine whether the access terminal 112 is in the vicinity of a givenaccess node. This location information may take various forms. Forexample, in some implementations the location information may comprise ageographic location of the access terminal 112. In such a case, thelocation determiner 228 may include functionality (e.g., GPSfunctionality, cellular functionality, and so on) for determining thisgeographic location.

As represented by block 506, in some implementations the access terminal112 also may determine whether it is experiencing any degradation in itsreceived signals. For example, a decision to switch to another carrieralso may be based on whether the signal from the macro access node 102is becoming weak (e.g., C/I is degrading).

As represented by blocks 508 and 510, the access terminal 112 (e.g., asearch controller 230) may determine whether to conduct an off-frequencyscan to search for one or more other access nodes. As mentioned above,such a scan may be invoked based on the location information (e.g., bydetermining whether the access terminal 112 is proximate to a givenaccess node operating on a different carrier). For the case ofgeographic-based location information, the search controller 230 may,for example, determine whether to conduct a search based on a comparisonof the current geographic location as determined at block 504 with aknown location of the specified access node.

Determining proximity to a given access node may be accomplished invarious ways. For example, when access nodes such as femto nodes aresetup (e.g., upon installation), each access node may upload itscoordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude) together with identificationinformation (e.g., its PN and sector ID) to a database. This informationmay be sent, for example, via an IP backhaul.

As discussed above, the access terminal determines where it is based on,for example, coordinates from a GPS component. The access terminal maythen access the database (e.g., the access terminal may be configured apriori with the URL of the database) and query the database for anyaccess nodes (e.g., femto nodes) in the vicinity of the access terminal.If the access terminal determines that there is such an access node inthe vicinity, the access terminal may conduct an off-frequency search inan attempt to find the access node.

The use of such a centralized database may advantageously simplifynetwork management. For example, when a new access node (e.g., femtonode) is installed, the centralized database may be updated. An accessterminal may then query that database whenever it needs to. In someaspects, an implementation such as this may be more efficient than, forexample, an implementation where the PRL for an access terminal isupdated every time a new access node is installed.

As mentioned above a decision to conduct a scan may optionally be basedon any degradation in the signals received on the first carrier. Forexample, the access terminal 112 may be more likely to conduct a scanwhen the signal degradation is high.

As represented by block 512, the access terminal 112 determines whetherany signals are received on the second carrier. If so, the accessterminal 112 may elect to perform a handoff to associate with an accessnode operating on the second carrier (block 514). For example, if theaccess terminal 112 (e.g., a handoff controller 232) detects a homefemto node on the second carrier, the access terminal 112 may elect toassociate with that home femto node. If the access terminal 112 is in anactive mode (e.g., in-call), appropriate context transfer procedures maybe used to perform an active handoff.

If the access terminal 112 is denied access to a restricted access node(e.g., access node 106) while in idle mode, the access terminal 112 mayrequest association with the access node. If the access terminal 112 isdenied access to the access node while in active mode, the call may dropif the coverage on the first carrier runs out. In such a case, theaccess terminal 112 may end up in an idle mode within the coverage ofthe access node.

The initiation of a procedure that determines whether to switch toanother carrier may be accomplished in various ways and based on variouscriteria. For example, in some cases a macro access node that is awareof the possible existence of a femto access node may request an accessterminal to perform an off-frequency search at a frequency that isperiodically specified by the network. In some cases, a femto node maysend a request for an off-frequency search to an access terminal that isconnected to it to determine whether it is appropriate to handout (e.g.,to a macro access node).

As mentioned above, when a guest (or alien) access terminal approaches arestricted access node, interference, jamming, and out-of-serviceconditions may occur. To mitigate such conditions, the access node maygrant some form of access to the access terminal in accordance with theteachings herein. For example, the access node may grant temporaryaccess, restricted access, or some other form of access to the accessterminal. These and other aspects of the disclosure will now bedescribed in conjunction with FIGS. 6A and 6B. For convenience, arestricted access node will be referred to as the access node 106 in thefollowing discussion. Similarly, a guest or alien access terminal (e.g.,which may be granted guest access) will be referred to as the accessterminal 112.

As represented by block 602, in some aspects access to a restrictedaccess node may be based on policy defined for the access node 106. Aswill be described in more detail below, such policy may relate to, forexample, one or more of which access terminals may be granted access,how long the access terminals may be granted access, and whether thereare any restrictions on this access.

In some aspects, the access controller 216 (e.g., implementing a policymanager) located at the access node 106 determines whether the accessterminal 112 is permitted to access the access node 106 (e.g., as aguest access terminal). In some cases, policy for the access node 106may be defined by another node in the network. For example, an accesscontroller 220 (e.g., a policy manager) implemented at the centralizedcontroller 202 (e.g., a central access management function managed by anoperator or service provider) and/or an access controller 218 (e.g., apolicy manager) implemented at an associated home access terminal maydefine the policy implemented by the access controller 216. Theseentities may then send the policy to the access node 106 via anappropriate communication link (e.g., wired or wireless) to configure orupdate policy at the access node 106. In some cases, policy associatedwith one policy manager (e.g., the access controller 220) may overridepolicy associated with another policy manager (e.g., the accesscontroller 218). For convenience, in the following discussion a homeaccess terminal will be referred to simply as the access terminal 110.

As represented by block 604, at some point in time the access terminal112 may enter the coverage area of the access node 106. In addition, theaccess terminal 112 may request access to the access node 106 (e.g.,access to the coverage area) in some manner. In some cases the requestmay be sent via a message such as an SMS message. In some cases theaccess terminal 112 may initiate a request by attempting to registerwith the access node, initiate a call with the access node, or handoffto the access node (e.g., when in an active state). In conjunction withsuch a request, the access terminal 112 may send an identificationparameter to the access node 106.

As represented by block 606, upon receipt of the request by the accessnode 106 (e.g., the receiver 214), the access node 106 may authenticatethe access terminal 112. For example, the access node 106 (e.g., anauthorization controller 234) may issue a challenge to the accessterminal 112 and verify any response it receives from the accessterminal 112. In some implementations, the access node 106 may cooperatewith an authorization, authentication, and accounting server (e.g.,associated with the centralized controller 202) to authenticate theaccess terminal 112 (e.g., by authenticating a user name or some otheridentifier associated with the access terminal 112).

As represented by block 608, the access controller 216 then commencesdetermining whether to grant access to the access terminal 112. Asrepresented by block 610, this determination may be based on the policyimplemented by the access controller 216 and, optionally, input from theaccess terminal 110. As an example of the latter scenario, the owner ofthe access node 106 may use the access terminal 110 to authorize a guestaccess terminal to use the access node 106.

The policy-based operations will be described first with reference toblocks 612 and 614. As represented by block 612, a request may beprovided to the policy manager of the access node 106 requesting toallow the access terminal 112 to gain access to (e.g., register with)the access node 106. As represented by block 614, based on the policy,the access node 106 may then deny the request or grant the request(e.g., allowing temporary or permanent access). The policy implementedthe access node 106 may take various forms. For example, a policy mayinvolve one or more of the criteria set forth below.

In some aspects a policy may comprise an access control list thatidentifies permitted access terminals and/or non-permitted accessterminals. Here, the access controller 216 may compare an identifier ofthe access terminal 112 with the access control list to determinewhether to permit access.

In some aspects a policy may allow all requests to be temporarilyadmitted for a specified duration and permit some form of restrictedaccess. For example, the access terminal 112 may be granted access for15 minutes, one hour, and so on, and/or the access terminal 112 may begranted access at certain times. In this way, potential out-of-serviceevents may be avoided at the access node 106.

In some aspects a policy may grant permanent access to certain accessterminals (e.g., permanently entered into the closed user group). Forexample, an owner may grant permanent access to a neighbor accessterminal. Such cooperation between neighbors may benefit both parties byachieving improved grade of service for each neighbor.

In some aspects a policy may define different types of access that maybe permitted under different circumstances. For example, the policy maygrant access to any access terminal that is attempting to make an e911call.

In some aspects a policy may depend on the call state of the accessterminal 112. For example, a response to a registration request maydepend on whether the access terminal 112 is in an idle mode or anactive mode. As a more specific example, a policy manager may beconfigured to automatically offer temporary service to the accessterminal 112 if the access terminal 112 is an active mode. Conversely, apolicy manager may be configured to notify one or both of the accesscontrollers 218 and 220 whenever a request is received from the accessterminal 112 when it is idling, whereby these entities may play a partin determining whether to grant access to the access terminal 112.

In some aspects, a policy may depend on the signal strength of signalsreceived at the access node 106 (e.g., from the access terminal 112).For example, a policy manager may be configured to automatically offertemporary service to the access terminal 112 if the signal strength fromthe access terminal 112 exceeds a threshold (e.g., to reduceinterference at the access node 106). In addition, when the measuredrise over thermal and the noise floor at the access node 106 isapproaching an out-of-service threshold, a policy may permit temporaryaccess to the access terminal 112 to avoid an out-of-service conditionat the access node 106. In some aspects the access node 106 may bedesigned with a relaxed rise over thermal limit to allow the accessterminal 112 to transmit at a higher power that causes a larger riseover thermal than what may be typical in a macro cellular deployment. Inthis way, the number of out-of-service events at the access node 106 maybe reduced.

In some aspects a policy may define different types of access (e.g., inconjunction with temporary access). For example, a policy may specifythat the access terminal 112 is to be provided full association (e.g.,full-service) by the access node 106.

Alternatively, a policy may specify that the access terminal 112 is tobe provided less than full service (e.g., to restrict consumption ofresources such as bandwidth at the access node 106). For example, theaccess terminal 112 may be restricted to signaling-only association.Here, the access terminal 112 may be admitted to the access node 106 viaa path provided for signaling. The access terminal 112 may thus sendsignaling to and receive signaling from the access node 106, or someother network element (e.g., a macro RNC). This type of signaling mayrelate to, for example, paging, mobility signaling, and registration.However, the access terminal 112 is not allowed to send or receive usertraffic through the access node 106 (e.g., call setup is not permitted).

In yet another example, a policy may specify that the access terminal112 is to be restricted to local signaling-only association. Thissignaling may involve, for example, locally generated signaling such asredirection messages, resource utilization messages (e.g., to controlinterference), and power control messages. In some aspects, thissignaling may relate to media access control (“MAC”) level operations.Here, no signaling connection is provided to the core network. Inaddition, paging and mobility-related signaling is not supported.

Referring now to blocks 616-622, in some implementations the access node106 may obtain permission from a user (e.g., the owner of the accessnode 106) before granting access to the access terminal 112. Forexample, at block 616 the access node 106 (e.g., the transmitter 212)may forward a request (e.g., a guest access request) and/or otherrelated information to the access terminal 110. As mentioned above, insome implementations this request may include an authenticatedidentification parameter associated with the access terminal 112 (e.g.,a user name). It should be appreciated that the access terminal 110 isnot required to be present in the coverage area of the access node 106.Rather, this message exchange with the access terminal 110 may beemployed as long as the access terminal 110 is in service somewhere inthe network (e.g., when the access terminal 110 is registered somewherein an associated wide area network).

As represented by block 618, based on the receipt of this request (e.g.,by a receiver, not shown), the access terminal 110 (e.g., the accesscontroller 218) may determine whether to permit the requested access. Insome implementations this may involve outputting a notification relatingto the request via an output device (not shown) of the access terminal110. For example, a request may be displayed on a display device of theaccess terminal 110. The user of the access terminal 110 may then use aninput device (not shown) of the access terminal 110 to provide aresponse to the request that indicates whether the request is allowed(and, optionally, the form of access allowed).

As represented by block 620, the access terminal 110 (e.g., atransmitter, not shown) may then send an appropriate response to theaccess node 106. As mentioned above, this response may authorize accessto the access terminal 112 (e.g., associated with an authenticatedidentification parameter provided at block 616). Upon receipt of thisresponse by its receiver 214, the access node 106 may then grant orallow the requested access based on the response (block 622).

In some cases, the operations of the access terminal 110 employ policysimilar to the policy described above (e.g., as implemented by theaccess controller 218). In some cases, the access terminal 110 mayconfigure the policy manager of the access node 106 with an identifierof an access terminal before the access terminal arrives in the coveragearea of the access node 106. For example, as mentioned above a user mayelect to authorize a neighbor to access the access node 106. In such acase, the user may cause an appropriate entry to be made to the accesscontrol list maintained by the access node 106.

It should be appreciated that access manager functionality may beimplemented in a variety of ways in accordance with the teachingsherein. For example, in some implementations a femto node manager may beemployed to temporarily or permanently admit access terminals to aclosed user group and permit access to a restricted femto node. In oneexample, where one or more devices belong to a homeowner, an accessterminal may be configured to be a femto node manager if it is assignedaccess terminal function manager status. In another example, a serviceprovider may deploy a network element with femto node manager functionto apply service provider policies on closed user group management. Theservice provider may configure either the access terminal femto nodemanager or the femto node manager function in the network to overridethe other.

In view of the above it should be appreciated that the teachings hereinmay be advantageously employed to mitigate interference in a wirelesscommunication system. Moreover, through the use of higher-levelprocedures such as handoffs and association procedures, interferenceissues may be addressed in a more effective manner in some aspects ascompared to, for example, techniques that may address these issues vialower layer (e.g., PHY and/or MAC) modifications (e.g., by adaptingradio parameters or employing time division multiplexing).

As mentioned above, in some aspects the teachings herein may be employedin a network that includes macro scale coverage (e.g., a macro cellularnetwork environment) and smaller scale coverage (e.g., a residential orbuilding network environment). In such a network, as an access terminal(“AT”) moves through the network, the access terminal may be served incertain locations by access nodes (“ANs”) that provide macro coveragewhile the access terminal may be served at other locations by accessnodes that provide smaller scale coverage. In some aspects, the smallercoverage nodes may be used to provide incremental capacity growth,in-building coverage, and different services (e.g., for a more robustuser experience). In the discussion herein, a node that providescoverage over a relatively large area may be referred to as a macronode. A node that provides coverage over a relatively small area (e.g.,a residence) may be referred to as a femto node. A node that providescoverage over an area that is smaller than a macro area and larger thana femto area may be referred to as a pico node (e.g., providing coveragewithin a commercial building).

A cell associated with a macro node, a femto node, or a pico node may bereferred to as a macro cell, a femto cell, or a pico cell, respectively.In some implementations, a given cell may be further associated with(e.g., divided into) one or more sectors.

In various applications, other terminology may be used to reference amacro node, a femto node, or a pico node. For example, a macro node maybe configured or referred to as an access node, base station, accesspoint, eNodeB, macro cell, and so on. Also, a femto node may beconfigured or referred to as a home NodeB, home eNodeB, access pointbase station, femto cell, and so on.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a coverage map 700 for a network whereseveral tracking areas 702 (or routing areas or location areas) aredefined. Specifically, areas of coverage associated with tracking areas702A, 702B, and 702C are delineated by the wide lines in FIG. 7.

The system provides wireless communication via multiple cells 704(represented by the hexagons), such as, for example, macro cells 704Aand 704B, with each cell being serviced by a corresponding access node706 (e.g., access nodes 706A-706C). As shown in FIG. 7, access terminals708 (e.g., access terminals 708A and 708B) may be dispersed at variouslocations throughout the network at a given point in time. Each accessterminal 708 may communicate with one or more access nodes 706 on aforward link (“FL”) and/or a reverse link (“RL”) at a given moment,depending upon whether the access terminal 708 is active and whether itis in soft handoff, for example. The network may provide service over alarge geographic region. For example, the macro cells 704 may coverseveral blocks in a neighborhood.

The tracking areas 702 also include femto coverage areas 710. In thisexample, each of the femto coverage areas 710 (e.g., femto coverageareas 710A) is depicted within a macro coverage area 704 (e.g., macrocoverage area 704B). It should be appreciated, however, that a femtocoverage area 710 may not lie entirely within a macro coverage area 704.In practice, a large number of femto coverage areas 710 may be definedwithin a given tracking area 702 or macro coverage area 704. Also, oneor more pico coverage areas (not shown) may be defined within a giventracking area 702 or macro coverage area 704. To reduce the complexityof FIG. 7, only a few access nodes 706, access terminals 708, and femtonodes 710 are shown.

Connectivity for a femto node environment may be established in variousways. For example, FIG. 8 illustrates a communication system 800 whereone or more femto nodes are deployed within a network environment.Specifically, the system 800 includes multiple femto nodes 810 (e.g.,femto nodes 810A and 810B) installed in a relatively small scale networkenvironment (e.g., in one or more user residences 830). Each femto node810 may be coupled to a wide area network 840 (e.g., the Internet) and amobile operator core network 850 via a DSL router, a cable modem, awireless link, or other connectivity means (not shown). As discussedherein, each femto node 810 may be configured to serve associated accessterminals 820 (e.g., access terminal 820A) and, optionally, other accessterminals 820 (e.g., access terminal 820B). In other words, access tofemto nodes 810 may be restricted whereby a given access terminal 820may be served by a set of designated (e.g., home) femto node(s) 810 butmay not be served by any non-designated femto nodes 810 (e.g., aneighbor's femto node 810).

The owner of a femto node 810 may subscribe to mobile service, such as,for example, 3G mobile service offered through the mobile operator corenetwork 850. In addition, an access terminal 820 may be capable ofoperating both in macro environments and in smaller scale (e.g.,residential) network environments. In other words, depending on thecurrent location of the access terminal 820, the access terminal 820 maybe served by an access node 860 of the macro cell mobile network 850 orby any one of a set of femto nodes 810 (e.g., the femto nodes 810A and810B that reside within a corresponding user residence 830). Forexample, when a subscriber is outside his home, he is served by astandard macro access node (e.g., the node 860) and when the subscriberis at home, he/she is served by a femto node (e.g., the node 810B).Here, it should be appreciated that a femto node 810 may be backwardcompatible with existing access terminals 820.

A femto node 810 may be deployed on a single frequency or, in thealternative, on multiple frequencies. Depending on the particularconfiguration, the single frequency or one or more of the multiplefrequencies may overlap with one or more frequencies used by a macronode (e.g., the node 860).

In some aspects, an access terminal 820 may be configured to communicateeither with the macro network 850 or the femto nodes 810, but not bothsimultaneously. In addition, in some aspects an access terminal 820being served by a femto node 810 may not be in a soft handover statewith the macro network 850.

In some aspects, an access terminal 820 may be configured to connect toa preferred femto node (e.g., the home femto node of the access terminal820) whenever such connectivity is possible. For example, whenever asubscriber's access terminal 820 is within the subscriber's residence830, it may be desired that the access terminal 820 communicate onlywith a home femto node 810.

In some aspects, if the access terminal 820 operates within the macrocellular network 850 but is not residing on its most preferred network(e.g., as defined in a preferred roaming list), the access terminal 820may continue to search for the most preferred network (e.g., thepreferred femto node 810) using a Better System Reselection (“BSR”),which may involve a periodic scanning of available systems to determinewhether better systems are currently available, and subsequent effortsto associate with such preferred systems. With the acquisition entry,the access terminal 820 may limit the search for specific band andchannel. For example, the search for the most preferred system may berepeated periodically. Upon discovery of a preferred femto node 810, theaccess terminal 820 selects the femto node 810 for camping within itscoverage area.

As mentioned above, an access node such as a femto node may berestricted in some aspects. For example, a given femto node may onlyprovide certain services to certain access terminals. In deploymentswith so-called restricted (or closed) association, a given accessterminal may only be served by the macro cell mobile network and adefined set of femto nodes (e.g., the femto nodes 810 that reside withinthe corresponding user residence 830). In some implementations, a nodemay be restricted to not provide at least one of: signaling, dataaccess, registration, paging, or service to at least one node.

In some aspects, a restricted femto node (which may also be referred toas a Closed Subscriber Group Home NodeB) is one that provides service toa restricted provisioned set of access terminals. This set may betemporarily or permanently extended as necessary. In some aspects, aClosed Subscriber Group (“CSG”) may be defined as the set of accessnodes (e.g., femto nodes) that share a common access control list ofaccess terminals. A channel on which all femto nodes (or all restrictedfemto nodes) in a region operate may be referred to as a femto channel.

Various relationships may thus exist between a given femto node and agiven access terminal. For example, from the perspective of an accessterminal, an open femto node may refer to a femto node with norestricted association. A restricted femto node may refer to a femtonode that is restricted in some manner (e.g., restricted for associationand/or registration). A home femto node may refer to a femto node onwhich the access terminal is authorized to access and operate on. Aguest femto node may refer to a femto node on which an access terminalis temporarily authorized to access or operate on. An alien femto nodemay refer to a femto node on which the access terminal is not authorizedto access or operate on, except for perhaps emergency situations (e.g.,911 calls).

From a restricted femto node perspective, a home access terminal mayrefer to an access terminal that is authorized to access the restrictedfemto node. A guest access terminal may refer to an access terminal withtemporary access to the restricted femto node. An alien access terminalmay refer to an access terminal that does not have permission to accessthe restricted femto node, except for perhaps emergency situations, forexample, such as 911 calls (e.g., an access terminal that does not havethe credentials or permission to register with the restricted femtonode).

For convenience, the disclosure herein describes various functionalityin the context of a femto node. It should be appreciated, however, thata pico node may provide the same or similar functionality for a largercoverage area. For example, a pico node may be restricted, a home piconode may be defined for a given access terminal, and so on.

A wireless multiple-access communication system may simultaneouslysupport communication for multiple wireless access terminals. Asmentioned above, each terminal may communicate with one or more basestations via transmissions on the forward and reverse links. The forwardlink (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the basestations to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers tothe communication link from the terminals to the base stations. Thiscommunication link may be established via a single-in-single-out system,a multiple-in-multiple-out (“MIMO”) system, or some other type ofsystem.

A MIMO system employs multiple (N_(T)) transmit antennas and multiple(N_(R)) receive antennas for data transmission. A MIMO channel formed bythe N_(T) transmit and N_(R) receive antennas may be decomposed intoN_(S) independent channels, which are also referred to as spatialchannels, where N_(S)≦min {N_(T), N_(R)}. Each of the N_(S) independentchannels corresponds to a dimension. The MIMO system may provideimproved performance (e.g., higher throughput and/or greaterreliability) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multipletransmit and receive antennas are utilized.

A MIMO system may support time division duplex (“TDD”) and frequencydivision duplex (“FDD”). In a TDD system, the forward and reverse linktransmissions are on the same frequency region so that the reciprocityprinciple allows the estimation of the forward link channel from thereverse link channel. This enables the access point to extract transmitbeam-forming gain on the forward link when multiple antennas areavailable at the access point.

The teachings herein may be incorporated into a node (e.g., a device)employing various components for communicating with at least one othernode. FIG. 9 depicts several sample components that may be employed tofacilitate communication between nodes. Specifically, FIG. 9 illustratesa wireless device 910 (e.g., an access point) and a wireless device 950(e.g., an access terminal) of a MIMO system 900. At the device 910,traffic data for a number of data streams is provided from a data source912 to a transmit (“TX”) data processor 914.

In some aspects, each data stream is transmitted over a respectivetransmit antenna. The TX data processor 914 formats, codes, andinterleaves the traffic data for each data stream based on a particularcoding scheme selected for that data stream to provide coded data.

The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with pilot datausing OFDM techniques. The pilot data is typically a known data patternthat is processed in a known manner and may be used at the receiversystem to estimate the channel response. The multiplexed pilot and codeddata for each data stream is then modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) basedon a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QSPK, M-PSK, or M-QAM)selected for that data stream to provide modulation symbols. The datarate, coding, and modulation for each data stream may be determined byinstructions performed by a processor 930. A data memory 932 may storeprogram code, data, and other information used by the processor 930 orother components of the device 910.

The modulation symbols for all data streams are then provided to a TXMIMO processor 920, which may further process the modulation symbols(e.g., for OFDM). The TX MIMO processor 920 then provides N_(T)modulation symbol streams to N_(T) transceivers (“XCVR”) 922A through922T. In some aspects, the TX MIMO processor 920 applies beam-formingweights to the symbols of the data streams and to the antenna from whichthe symbol is being transmitted.

Each transceiver 922 receives and processes a respective symbol streamto provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g.,amplifies, filters, and upconverts) the analog signals to provide amodulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. N_(T)modulated signals from transceivers 922A through 922T are thentransmitted from N_(T) antennas 924A through 924T, respectively.

At the device 950, the transmitted modulated signals are received byN_(R) antennas 952A through 952R and the received signal from eachantenna 952 is provided to a respective transceiver (“XCVR”) 954Athrough 954R. Each transceiver 954 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies,and downconverts) a respective received signal, digitizes theconditioned signal to provide samples, and further processes the samplesto provide a corresponding “received” symbol stream.

A receive (“RX”) data processor 960 then receives and processes theN_(R) received symbol streams from N_(R) transceivers 954 based on aparticular receiver processing technique to provide N_(T) “detected”symbol streams. The RX data processor 960 then demodulates,deinterleaves, and decodes each detected symbol stream to recover thetraffic data for the data stream. The processing by the RX dataprocessor 960 is complementary to that performed by the TX MIMOprocessor 920 and the TX data processor 914 at the device 910.

A processor 970 periodically determines which pre-coding matrix to use(discussed below). The processor 970 formulates a reverse link messagecomprising a matrix index portion and a rank value portion. A datamemory 972 may store program code, data, and other information used bythe processor 970 or other components of the device 950.

The reverse link message may comprise various types of informationregarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. Thereverse link message is then processed by a TX data processor 938, whichalso receives traffic data for a number of data streams from a datasource 936, modulated by a modulator 980, conditioned by thetransceivers 954A through 954R, and transmitted back to the device 910.

At the device 910, the modulated signals from the device 950 arereceived by the antennas 924, conditioned by the transceivers 922,demodulated by a demodulator (“DEMOD”) 940, and processed by a RX dataprocessor 942 to extract the reverse link message transmitted by thedevice 950. The processor 930 then determines which pre-coding matrix touse for determining the beam-forming weights then processes theextracted message.

FIG. 9 also illustrates that the communication components may includeone or more components that perform access/carrier control operations astaught herein. For example, an access/carrier control component 990 maycooperate with the processor 930 and/or other components of the device910 to send/receive signals to/from another device (e.g., device 950) astaught herein. Similarly, an access/carrier control component 992 maycooperate with the processor 970 and/or other components of the device950 to send/receive signals to/from another device (e.g., device 910).It should be appreciated that for each device 910 and 950 thefunctionality of two or more of the described components may be providedby a single component. For example, a single processing component mayprovide the functionality of the access/carrier control component 990and the processor 930 and a single processing component may provide thefunctionality of the access/carrier control component 992 and theprocessor 970.

The teachings herein may be incorporated into various types ofcommunication systems and/or system components. In some aspects, theteachings herein may be employed in a multiple-access system capable ofsupporting communication with multiple users by sharing the availablesystem resources (e.g., by specifying one or more of bandwidth, transmitpower, coding, interleaving, and so on). For example, the teachingsherein may be applied to any one or combinations of the followingtechnologies: Code Division Multiple Access (“CDMA”) systems,Multiple-Carrier CDMA (“MCCDMA”), Wideband CDMA (“W-CDMA”), High-SpeedPacket Access (“HSPA,” “HSPA+”) systems, Time Division Multiple Access(“TDMA”) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (“FDMA”) systems,Single-Carrier FDMA (“SC-FDMA”) systems, Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiple Access (“OFDMA”) systems, or other multiple access techniques.A wireless communication system employing the teachings herein may bedesigned to implement one or more standards, such as IS-95, cdma2000,IS-856, W-CDMA, TDSCDMA, and other standards. A CDMA network mayimplement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(“UTRA)”, cdma2000, or some other technology. UTRA includes W-CDMA andLow Chip Rate (“LCR”). The cdma2000 technology covers IS-2000, IS-95 andIS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology suchas Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”). An OFDMA network mayimplement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (“E-UTRA”), IEEE802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA, E-UTRA, andGSM are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (“UMTS”). Theteachings herein may be implemented in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution(“LTE”) system, an Ultra-Mobile Broadband (“UMB”) system, and othertypes of systems. LTE is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA. Althoughcertain aspects of the disclosure may be described using 3GPPterminology, it is to be understood that the teachings herein may beapplied to 3GPP (Re199, Re15, Re16, Re17) technology, as well as 3GPP2(IxRTT, 1xEV-DO Re1O, RevA, RevB) technology and other technologies.

The teachings herein may be incorporated into (e.g., implemented withinor performed by) a variety of apparatuses (e.g., wireless nodes). Forexample, an access node as discussed herein (e.g., a macro node, a femtonode, or a pico node) may be configured or referred to as an accesspoint (“AP”), a base station (“BS”), a NodeB, a radio network controller(“RNC”), an eNodeB, a base station controller (“BSC”), a basetransceiver station (“BTS”), a transceiver function (“TF”), a radiorouter, a radio transceiver, a basic service set (“BSS”), an extendedservice set (“ESS”), a radio base station (“RBS”), or some otherterminology.

In addition, an access terminal as discussed herein may be referred toas a mobile station, user equipment, a subscriber unit, a subscriberstation, a remote station, a remote terminal, a user terminal, a useragent, a user device, or some other terminology. In some implementationssuch a node may consist of, be implemented within, or include a cellulartelephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”)phone, a wireless local loop (“WLL”) station, a personal digitalassistant (“PDA”), a handheld device having wireless connectioncapability, or some other suitable processing device connected to awireless modem.

Accordingly, one or more aspects taught herein may consist of, beimplemented within, or include variety types of apparatuses. Such anapparatus may comprise a phone (e.g., a cellular phone or smart phone),a computer (e.g., a laptop), a portable communication device, a portablecomputing device (e.g., a personal data assistant), an entertainmentdevice (e.g., a music or video device, or a satellite radio), a globalpositioning system device, or any other suitable device that isconfigured to communicate via a wireless medium.

As mentioned above, in some aspects a wireless node may comprise anaccess node (e.g., an access point) for a communication system. Such anaccess node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network(e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet or a cellular network)via a wired or wireless communication link. Accordingly, the access nodemay enable another node (e.g., an access terminal) to access the networkor some other functionality. In addition, it should be appreciated thatone or both of the nodes may be portable or, in some cases, relativelynon-portable. Also, it should be appreciated that a wireless node (e.g.,a wireless device) also may be capable of transmitting and/or receivinginformation in a non-wireless manner via an appropriate communicationinterface (e.g., via a wired connection).

A wireless node may communicate via one or more wireless communicationlinks that are based on or otherwise support any suitable wirelesscommunication technology. For example, in some aspects a wireless nodemay associate with a network. In some aspects the network may comprise alocal area network or a wide area network. A wireless device may supportor otherwise use one or more of a variety of wireless communicationtechnologies, protocols, or standards such as those discussed herein(e.g., CDMA, TDMA, OFDM, OFDMA, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and so on). Similarly, awireless node may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety ofcorresponding modulation or multiplexing schemes. A wireless node maythus include appropriate components (e.g., air interfaces) to establishand communicate via one or more wireless communication links using theabove or other wireless communication technologies. For example, awireless node may comprise a wireless transceiver with associatedtransmitter and receiver components (e.g., transmitter 208 or 212 andreceiver 210 or 214) that may include various components (e.g., signalgenerators and signal processors) that facilitate communication over awireless medium.

The components described herein may be implemented in a variety of ways.Referring to FIGS. 10-16, apparatuses 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400,1500, and 1600 are represented as a series of interrelated functionalblocks. In some aspects the functionality of these blocks may beimplemented as a processing system including one or more processorcomponents. In some aspects the functionality of these blocks may beimplemented using, for example, at least a portion of one or moreintegrated circuits (e.g., an ASIC). As discussed herein, an integratedcircuit may include a processor, software, other related components, orsome combination thereof The functionality of these blocks also may beimplemented in some other manner as taught herein. In some aspects oneor more of the dashed blocks in FIGS. 10-16 relate to optionalfunctionality.

The apparatuses 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, and 1600 may includeone or more modules that may perform one or more of the functionsdescribed above with regard to various figures. For example, an activeor idle determining means 1002 may correspond to, for example, a modedeterminer 226 as discussed herein. A carrier assigning means 1004 maycorrespond to, for example, a carrier selector 224 as discussed herein.A terminal configuring means 1006 may correspond to, for example, acarrier selector 224 as discussed herein. A receiving means 1102 maycorrespond to, for example, a receiver 210 as discussed herein. Acarrier switch determining means 1104 may correspond to, for example, acarrier selector 222 as discussed herein. A receiving means 1202 maycorrespond to, for example, a receiver as discussed herein. A carrierswitch determining means 1204 may correspond to, for example, a carrierselector 224 as discussed herein. A receiving means 1302 may correspondto, for example, a receiver 210 as discussed herein. A locationdetermining means 1304 may correspond to, for example, a locationdeterminer 228 as discussed herein. A search determining means 1306 maycorrespond to, for example, a search controller 230 as discussed herein.A handoff performing means 1308 may correspond to, for example, ahandoff controller 232 as discussed herein. A receiving means 1402 maycorrespond to, for example, a receiver 214 as discussed herein. Anaccess determining means 1404 may correspond to, for example, an accesscontroller 216 as discussed herein. A receiving means 1502 maycorrespond to, for example, a receiver as discussed herein. An accessdetermining means 1504 may correspond to, for example, an accesscontroller 218 as discussed herein. A transmitting means 1506 maycorrespond to, for example, a transmitter as discussed herein. Aterminal identifying means 1602 may correspond to, for example, areceiver 214 as discussed herein. An authenticating means 1604 maycorrespond to, for example, an authorization controller 234 as discussedherein. A parameter presenting means 1606 may correspond to, forexample, a transmitter 212 as discussed herein. A receiving means 1608may correspond to, for example, a receiver 214 as discussed herein.

It should be understood that any reference to an element herein using adesignation such as “first,” “second,” and so forth does not generallylimit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, thesedesignations may be used herein as a convenient method of distinguishingbetween two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, areference to first and second elements does not mean that only twoelements may be employed there or that the first element must precedethe second element in some manner. Also, unless stated otherwise a setof elements may comprise one or more elements. In addition, terminologyof the form “at least one of: A, B, or C” used in the description or theclaims means “A or B or C or any combination thereof.”

Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signalsmay be represented using any of a variety of different technologies andtechniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information,signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout theabove description may be represented by voltages, currents,electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields orparticles, or any combination thereof.

Those of skill would further appreciate that any of the variousillustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, andalgorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosedherein may be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., a digitalimplementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two,which may be designed using source coding or some other technique),various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions(which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as “software” or a“software module”), or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate thisinterchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrativecomponents, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been describedabove generally in terms of their functionality. Whether suchfunctionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon theparticular application and design constraints imposed on the overallsystem. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality invarying ways for each particular application, but such implementationdecisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from thescope of the present disclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits describedin connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implementedwithin or performed by an integrated circuit (“IC”), an access terminal,or an access point. The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, adigital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or otherprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, electrical components, optical components,mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to performthe functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructionsthat reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general purposeprocessor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processormay be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or statemachine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination ofcomputing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, aplurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunctionwith a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of steps in anydisclosed process is an example of a sample approach. Based upon designpreferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy ofsteps in the processes may be rearranged while remaining within thescope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims presentelements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to belimited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

The functions described may be implemented in hardware, software,firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, thefunctions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or moreinstructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readablemedia includes both computer storage media and communication mediaincluding any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer programfrom one place to another. A storage media may be any available mediathat can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and notlimitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM,CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or othermagnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carryor store desired program code in the form of instructions or datastructures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connectionis properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if thesoftware is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote sourceusing a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digitalsubscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio,and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair,DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave areincluded in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein,includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatiledisc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproducedata magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media. In summary, it should be appreciated that acomputer-readable medium may be implemented in any suitablecomputer-program product.

The previous description of the disclosed aspects is provided to enableany person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure.Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may beapplied to other aspects without departing from the scope of thedisclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limitedto the aspects shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scopeconsistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

1. A method of wireless communication, comprising: receiving, at anaccess node, a request for access from an access terminal; anddetermining, at the access node, whether to allow the requested accessbased on a policy maintained at the access node.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein the policy is provided, at least in part, by another accessterminal that is associated with the access node.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein the determination further comprises: transmitting a messageregarding the requested access to another access terminal that isassociated with the access node; and receiving a response to themessage, wherein the response indicates whether to allow the requestedaccess.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the determination furthercomprises determining whether an identifier of the access terminal is inan access list maintained by the access node.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the policy relates to at least one of the group consisting of:access duration, access time, type of access, received signal strength,call state, and access terminal identity.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the type of access relates to at least one of the groupconsisting of: full association, signaling-only association, and localsignaling-only association.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein thesignaling-only association relates to least one of the group consistingof: paging, mobility signaling, registration, signaling destined for theaccess node, and signaling destined for another node.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the local signaling-only association relates to atleast one of the group consisting of: power control, transmission ofresource utilization messages, media access control operations,redirection, and signaling destined for the access node.
 9. The methodof claim 1, wherein the access node is restricted to not provide atleast one of the group consisting of: signaling, data access,registration, paging, and service to at least one node.
 10. The methodof claim 1, wherein the access node comprises a femto node or a piconode.
 11. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: areceiver configured to receive, at an access node, a request for accessfrom an access terminal; and an access controller configured todetermine, at the access node, whether to allow the requested accessbased on a policy maintained at the access node.
 12. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the policy is provided, at least in part, by anotheraccess terminal that is associated with the access node.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 11, wherein the determination further comprises:transmitting a message regarding the requested access to another accessterminal that is associated with the access node; and receiving aresponse to the message, wherein the response indicates whether to allowthe requested access.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein thedetermination further comprises determining whether an identifier of theaccess terminal is in an access list maintained by the access node. 15.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the policy relates to at least one ofthe group consisting of: access duration, access time, type of access,received signal strength, call state, and access terminal identity. 16.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the type of access relates to atleast one of the group consisting of: full association, signaling-onlyassociation, and local signaling-only association.
 17. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the access node is restricted to not provide at leastone of the group consisting of: signaling, data access, registration,paging, and service to at least one node.
 18. An apparatus for wirelesscommunication, comprising: means for receiving, at an access node, arequest for access from an access terminal; and means for determining,at the access node, whether to allow the requested access based on apolicy maintained at the access node.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18,wherein the policy is provided, at least in part, by another accessterminal that is associated with the access node.
 20. The apparatus ofclaim 18, wherein the determination further comprises: transmitting amessage regarding the requested access to another access terminal thatis associated with the access node; and receiving a response to themessage, wherein the response indicates whether to allow the requestedaccess.
 21. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the determination furthercomprises determining whether an identifier of the access terminal is inan access list maintained by the access node.
 22. The apparatus of claim18, wherein the policy relates to at least one of the group consistingof: access duration, access time, type of access, received signalstrength, call state, and access terminal identity.
 23. The apparatus ofclaim 18, wherein the type of access relates to at least one of thegroup consisting of: full association, signaling-only association, andlocal signaling-only association.
 24. The apparatus of claim 18, whereinthe access node is restricted to not provide at least one of the groupconsisting of: signaling, data access, registration, paging, and serviceto at least one node.
 25. A computer-program product, comprising:computer-readable medium comprising codes for causing a computer to:receive, at an access node, a request for access from an accessterminal; and determine, at the access node, whether to allow therequested access based on a policy maintained at the access node. 26.The computer-program product of claim 25, wherein the policy isprovided, at least in part, by another access terminal that isassociated with the access node.
 27. The computer-program product ofclaim 25, wherein the determination further comprises: transmitting amessage regarding the requested access to another access terminal thatis associated with the access node; and receiving a response to themessage, wherein the response indicates whether to allow the requestedaccess.
 28. The computer-program product of claim 25, wherein thedetermination further comprises determining whether an identifier of theaccess terminal is in an access list maintained by the access node. 29.The computer-program product of claim 25, wherein the policy relates toat least one of the group consisting of: access duration, access time,type of access, received signal strength, call state, and accessterminal identity.
 30. The computer-program product of claim 25, whereinthe type of access relates to at least one of the group consisting of:full association, signaling-only association, and local signaling-onlyassociation.
 31. The computer-program product of claim 25, wherein theaccess node is restricted to not provide at least one of the groupconsisting of: signaling, data access, registration, paging, and serviceto at least one node.
 32. A method of wireless communication,comprising: receiving, at a first access terminal, a first message froman associated access node regarding a request by a second accessterminal to access the access node; determining, in response to thefirst message, whether to allow the requested access; and transmitting asecond message to the access node indicative of the determination. 33.The method of claim 32, wherein the determination comprises: outputting,via an output device, a notification relating to whether the requestedaccess should be allowed; and obtaining, in response to the outputtedindication, an indication that indicates whether the requested access isallowed.
 34. The method of claim 34, wherein the outputting comprisesdisplaying.
 35. The method of claim 32, wherein: the first messagecomprises an authenticated identifier of the second access terminal; andthe determination is based on the authenticated identifier.
 36. Themethod of claim 32, further comprising: defining policy for allowing atleast one guest access terminal to access the access node; andtransmitting the policy to the access node.
 37. The method of claim 36,wherein the policy relates to an access list that identifies the atleast one guest access terminal as being allowed to access the accessnode.
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein the policy relates to at leastone of the group consisting of: access duration, access time, type ofaccess, received signal strength, call state, and access terminalidentity.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the type of access relatesto at least one of the group consisting of: full association,signaling-only association, and local signaling-only association. 40.The method of claim 39, wherein the signaling-only association relatesto least one of the group consisting of: paging, mobility signaling,registration, signaling destined for the access node, and signalingdestined for another node.
 41. The method of claim 39, wherein the localsignaling-only association relates to at least one of the groupconsisting of: power control, transmission of resource utilizationmessages, media access control operations, redirection, and signalingdestined for the access node.
 42. The method of claim 32, wherein theaccess node is restricted to not provide at least one of the groupconsisting of: signaling, data access, registration, paging, and serviceto at least one node.
 43. The method of claim 32, wherein the accessnode comprises a femto node or a pico node.
 44. An apparatus forwireless communication, comprising: a receiver configured to receive, ata first access terminal, a first message from an associated access noderegarding a request by a second access terminal to access the accessnode; an access controller configured to determine, in response to thefirst message, whether to allow the requested access; and a transmitterconfigured to transmit a second message to the access node indicative ofthe determination.
 45. The apparatus of claim 44, wherein thedetermination comprises: outputting, via an output device, anotification relating to whether the requested access should be allowed;and obtaining, in response to the outputted indication, an indicationthat indicates whether the requested access is allowed.
 46. Theapparatus of claim 44, wherein the access controller is furtherconfigured to define policy for allowing at least one guest accessterminal to access the access node, wherein the transmitter is furtherconfigured to transmit the policy to the access node.
 47. The apparatusof claim 46, wherein the policy relates to at least one of the groupconsisting of: access duration, access time, type of access, receivedsignal strength, call state, and access terminal identity.
 48. Theapparatus of claim 44, wherein the access node is restricted to notprovide at least one of the group consisting of: signaling, data access,registration, paging, and service to at least one node.
 49. An apparatusfor wireless communication, comprising: means for receiving, at a firstaccess terminal, a first message from an associated access noderegarding a request by a second access terminal to access the accessnode; means for determining, in response to the first message, whetherto allow the requested access; and means for transmitting a secondmessage to the access node indicative of the determination.
 50. Theapparatus of claim 49, wherein the determination comprises: outputting,via an output device, a notification relating to whether the requestedaccess should be allowed; and obtaining, in response to the outputtedindication, an indication that indicates whether the requested access isallowed.
 51. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein the means determining isfurther configured to define policy for allowing at least one guestaccess terminal to access the access node, wherein the means fortransmitting is configured to transmit the policy to the access node.52. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the policy relates to at leastone of the group consisting of: access duration, access time, type ofaccess, received signal strength, call state, and access terminalidentity.
 53. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein the access node isrestricted to not provide at least one of the group consisting of:signaling, data access, registration, paging, and service to at leastone node.
 54. A computer-program product, comprising: computer-readablemedium comprising codes for causing a computer to: receive, at a firstaccess terminal, a first message from an associated access noderegarding a request by a second access terminal to access the accessnode; determine, in response to the first message, whether to allow therequested access; and transmit a second message to the access nodeindicative of the determination.
 55. The computer-program product ofclaim 54, wherein the determination comprises: outputting, via an outputdevice, a notification relating to whether the requested access shouldbe allowed; and obtaining, in response to the outputted indication, anindication that indicates whether the requested access is allowed. 56.The computer-program product of claim 54, wherein the computer-readablemedium further comprises codes for causing the computer to: definepolicy for allowing at least one guest access terminal to access theaccess node; and transmit the policy to the access node.
 57. Thecomputer-program product of claim 56, wherein the policy relates to atleast one of the group consisting of: access duration, access time, typeof access, received signal strength, call state, and access terminalidentity.
 58. The computer-program product of claim 54, wherein theaccess node is restricted to not provide at least one of the groupconsisting of: signaling, data access, registration, paging, and serviceto at least one node.
 59. A method of wireless communication,comprising: identifying a first access terminal operating in proximityto an access point; authenticating the first access terminal based on anidentification parameter associated with the first access terminal; andpresenting, based on the authentication, an authenticated identificationparameter to a second access terminal associated with the access point.60. The method of claim 59, wherein the identification of the firstaccess terminal comprises receiving, from the first access terminal, arequest to access a coverage area of the access point.
 61. The method ofclaim 60, wherein the authentication involve use of an authorization,authentication, and accounting server.
 62. The method of claim 60,further comprising receiving, in response to the authenticatedidentification parameter, an indication from the second access terminalthat indicates whether the first access terminal is allowed to accessthe coverage area.
 63. The method of claim 59, wherein the access nodeis restricted to not provide at least one of the group consisting of:signaling, data access, registration, paging, and service to at leastone node.
 64. The method of claim 59, wherein the access node comprisesa femto node or a pico node.
 65. An apparatus for wirelesscommunication, comprising: a receiver configured to identify a firstaccess terminal operating in proximity to a restricted access point; anauthentication controller configured to authenticate the first accessterminal based on an identification parameter associated with the firstaccess terminal; and a transmitter configured to present, based on theauthentication, an authenticated identification parameter to a secondaccess terminal associated with the restricted access point.
 66. Theapparatus of claim 65, wherein the identification of the first accessterminal comprises receiving, from the first access terminal, a requestto access a coverage area of the access point.
 67. The apparatus ofclaim 66, further comprising a receiver configured to receive, inresponse to the authenticated identification parameter, an indicationfrom the second access terminal that indicates whether the first accessterminal is allowed to access the coverage area.
 68. The apparatus ofclaim 65, wherein the access node is restricted to not provide at leastone of the group consisting of: signaling, data access, registration,paging, and service to at least one node.
 69. An apparatus for wirelesscommunication, comprising: means for identifying a first access terminaloperating in proximity to a restricted access point; means forauthenticating the first access terminal based on an identificationparameter associated with the first access terminal; and means forpresenting, based on the authentication, an authenticated identificationparameter to a second access terminal associated with the restrictedaccess point.
 70. The apparatus of claim 69, wherein the identificationof the first access terminal comprises receiving, from the first accessterminal, a request to access a coverage area of the access point. 71.The apparatus of claim 70, further comprising means for receiving, inresponse to the authenticated identification parameter, an indicationfrom the second access terminal that indicates whether the first accessterminal is allowed to access the coverage area.
 72. The apparatus ofclaim 71, wherein the access node is restricted to not provide at leastone of the group consisting of: signaling, data access, registration,paging, and service to at least one node.
 73. A computer-programproduct, comprising: computer-readable medium comprising codes forcausing a computer to: identify a first access terminal operating inproximity to a restricted access point; authenticate the first accessterminal based on an identification parameter associated with the firstaccess terminal; and present, based on the authentication, anauthenticated identification parameter to a second access terminalassociated with the restricted access point.
 74. The computer-programproduct of claim 73, wherein the identification of the first accessterminal comprises receiving, from the first access terminal, a requestto access a coverage area of the access point.
 75. The computer-programproduct of claim 74, wherein the computer-readable medium furthercomprises codes for causing the computer to receive, in response to theauthenticated identification parameter, an indication from the secondaccess terminal that indicates whether the first access terminal isallowed to access the coverage area.
 76. The computer-program product ofclaim 73, wherein the access node is restricted to not provide at leastone of the group consisting of: signaling, data access, registration,paging, and service to at least one node.